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■ BY INCORPORATION OF TERRITORY



◇ If any foreign territory becomes a part of India, the Government of India specifies the persons who among the people of the territory shall be the citizens of India.

◇ Such persons become the citizens of India from the notified date.

◇ For example, when Pondicherry became a part of India, the Government of India issued the Citizenship (Pondicherry) Order (1962), under the Citizenship Act (1955).

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■ ACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP.



?️ BY DESCENT

◇ A person born outside India on or after January 26, 1950 but before December 10, 1992 is a citizen of India by descent, if his father was a citizen of India at the time of his birth.

◇ A person born outside India on or after December 10, 1992 is considered as a citizen of India if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth.

◇ December 3, 2004 onwards, a person born outside India shall not be a citizen of India by descent, unless his birth is registered at an Indian consulate within one year of the date of birth or with the permission of the
Central Government, after the expiry of the said period.

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■ ACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP.



The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five ways of acquiring citizenship, viz, birth, descent, registration, naturalisation and incorporation of territory:

?️ BY BIRTH

◇ A person born in India on or after January 26, 1950 but before July 1, 1987 is a citizen of India by birth irrespective of the nationality of his parents.

◇ A person born in India on or after July 1, 1987 is considered as a citizen of India only if either of his parents is a citizen of India at the time of his birth.

◇ Further, those born in India on or after December 3, 2004 are considered citizens of India only if both of their parents are citizens of India or one of whose parents is a citizen of India and the other is not an illegal migrant at the time of their birth.

◇ The children of foreign diplomats posted in India and enemy aliens cannot acquire Indian citizenship by birth.

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■ UNION AND TERRITORIES CREATED AFTER 1956.



?️ MANIPUR, TRIPURA and MEGHALAYA.

◇ In 1972, the political map of Northeast India underwent a major
change.

◇ Thus, the two union territories of Manipur and Tripura and the sub-state of Meghalaya got statehood and the two union territories of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh (originally known as North-East Frontier Agency–NEFA) came into being.

◇ With this, the number of states of the Indian Union increased to 21 (Manipur 19th, Tripura 20th and Meghalaya 21st).

◇ Initially, the 22nd Constitutional Amendment Act (1969) created Meghalaya as an ‘autonomous state’ or ‘sub-state’ within the state of Assam with its own legislature and council of ministers.

◇ However, this did not satisfy the aspirations of the people of Meghalaya.

◇ The union territories of Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh were also formed out of the territories of Assam.

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■ SOVEREIGN



◇ The word ‘sovereign’ implies that India is neither a dependency nor a dominion of any other nation, but an independent state.

◇ There is no authority above it, and it is free to conduct its own affairs (both internal and external).

◇ Though in 1949, India declared the continuation of her full membership of the Commonwealth of Nations and accepted the British Crown as the head of the Commonwealth, this extra- constitutional declaration does not affect India’s sovereignty in any manner .

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■ INGREDIENTS OF THE PREAMBLE



The Preamble reveals four ingredients or components:

◇ Source of authority of the Constitution: The Preamble states that the Constitution derives its authority from the people of India.

◇ Nature of Indian State: It declares India to be of a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic and republican polity.

◇ Objectives of the Constitution: It specifies justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as the objectives.

◇ Date of adoption of the Constitution: It stipulates November 26, 1949, as the date.

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TOPIC - SOURCES OF CONSTITUTION COMPLETED. ☑️

INDEX :-

◇ GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935 -

◇ BRITISH CONSTITUTION -

◇ US CONSTUTUTION -

◇ IRISH CONSTITUTION -

◇ CANADIAN CONSTITUTION -

◇ AUSTRALIAN CONSTITUTION -

◇ WEIMAR CONSTITUTION OF GERMANY -

◇ SOVIET CONSTITUTION (USSR, now Russia) -

◇ FRENCH CONSTITUTION -

◇ SOUTH AFRICAN CONSTITUTION -

◇JAPANESE CONSTITUTION -

◇ SOUTH AFRICAN CONSTITUTION -

■ SOUTH AFRICAN CONSTITUTION



◇ Procedure for amendment of the Constitution and election of members of Rajya Sabha.

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■ SOUTH AFRICAN CONSTITUTION



◇ Procedure for amendment of the Constitution and election of members of Rajya Sabha.

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■ SOVIET CONSTITUTION (USSR, now Russia)



◇ Fundamental duties and the ideal of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble.

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■ AUSTRALIAN CONSTITUTION



◇ Concurrent List,

◇ Freedom of trade,

◇ Commerce and inter-course, and

◇ Joint sitting of the two Houses of Parliament.

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■ CANADIAN CONSTITUTION



◇ Federation with a strong Centre,

◇ Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre,

◇ Appointment of state governors by the Centre, and

◇ Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

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