# The get() method on dicts
# and its "default" argument

name_for_userid = {
    382: "Alice",
    590: "Bob",
    951: "Dilbert",
}

def greeting(userid):
    return "Hi %s!" % name_for_userid.get(userid, "there")

>>> greeting(382)
"Hi Alice!"

>>> greeting(333333)
"Hi there!"

>>> a = 1.6
>>> print(f'We have {a=} and {int(a)=}.')
>>> We have a=1.6 and int(a)=1.

>>> class show_time:
...     def __init__(self, func):
...             self.func = func
...     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
...             start = time()
...             result = self.func(*args, **kwargs)
...             print(f'It took {time() - start:.4f}s')
...             return result
...
>>> @show_time
... def test():
...     return sum(n**2 for n in range(1000000))
...
>>> test()
It took 0.1054s
333332833333500000

>>> with open('test.txt') as f:
...     print(f.read())
>>> It works!

>>> 1000000  # confusing
1000000
>>> 1e6  # not confusing but creates a float
1000000.0
>>> 1_000_000  # great!
1000000

>>> base = 20
>>> sum([1, 2, 3], base)
26

# How to sort a Python dict by value
# (== get a representation sorted by value)

>>> xs = {'a': 4, 'b': 3, 'c': 2, 'd': 1}

>>> sorted(xs.items(), key=lambda x: x[1])
[('d', 1), ('c', 2), ('b', 3), ('a', 4)]

# Or:

>>> import operator
>>> sorted(xs.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1))
[('d', 1), ('c', 2), ('b', 3), ('a', 4)]

# Different ways to test multiple
# flags at once in Python
x, y, z = 0, 1, 0

if x == 1 or y == 1 or z == 1:
    print('passed')

if 1 in (x, y, z):
    print('passed')

# These only test for truthiness:
if x or y or z:
    print('passed')

if any((x, y, z)):
    print('passed')