🔆 "Bharatiya Antriksh Station"

✅India will have its own Space Station by 2035, which will be known as "Bharatiya Antriksh Station"

✅ISRO and Department of Biotechnology Sign Landmark MoU, Ushering in New Era of Space and Biotech Innovation

✅A space station (or orbital station) is a spacecraft which remains in orbit and hosts humans for extended periods of time. It therefore is an artificial satellite featuring habitation facilities.

✅The first space station was Salyut 1 (1971), hosting the first crew, of the ill-fated Soyuz 11. Consecutively space stations have been operated since Skylab (1973) and occupied since 1987 with the Salyut successor Mir. Uninterrupted occupation has been sustained since the operational transition from the Mir to the International Space Station (ISS), with its first occupation in 2000.

✅Currently there are two fully operational space stations – the ISS and China's Tiangong Space Station (TSS), which have been occupied since October 2000 with Expedition 1 and since June 2022.

🔆𝗥𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗡𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝘆𝗰𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗲🌪🚨

1. Typhoons - China Sea
2. Tropical Cyclones - Indian Ocean
3. Hurricanes - Caribbean Sea
4. Tornadoes - USA
5. Willy Willies - Northern Australia
6. Baguio - Philippines
7. Taifu - Japan

🎯HAS 2025.
🗓Day-8/150.

📝Daily Mains Answer Writing.

Helpful for
1️⃣ HAS Mains
2️⃣Naib Tehsildar Mains
3️⃣ Allied Services Mains.

📝 Write your Answer on any blank page or get a print out of the above file and write.


📩 Submit your Answer in a PDF form on Telegram to

💡Answers will be evaluated within 10 hours of submission

🎯HAS 2025.
🗓Day-7/150.

📝Daily Mains Answer Writing.

Helpful for
1️⃣ HAS Mains
2️⃣Naib Tehsildar Mains
3️⃣ Allied Services Mains.

📝 Write your Answer on any blank page or get a print out of the above file and write.


📩 Submit your Answer in a PDF form on Telegram to

💡Answers will be evaluated within 10 hours of submission

🎯HAS 2025.
🗓Day-6/150.

📝Daily Mains Answer Writing.

Helpful for
1️⃣ HAS Mains
2️⃣Naib Tehsildar Mains
3️⃣ Allied Services Mains.

📝 Write your Answer on any blank page or get a print out of the above file and write.


📩 Submit your Answer in a PDF form on Telegram to

💡Answers will be evaluated within 10 hours of submission

🔆Torgya Festival, Arunachal Pradesh

✅Torgya festival is a monastic festival celebrated in the Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh. This festival is celebrated every year towards the end of January.

✅Torgya festival is very significant in Arunachal Pradesh as it celebrates the destruction of negative forces and the ushering in of prosperity, peace and good will. It is believed that the rituals performed during this festival would help ward off natural calamities and other disasters.

✅Rich presence of colour is one of the main features of this festival. Colourful dances mark the occasion along with the gaiety displayed everywhere.

Berubari Union Case (1960)

✅The Preamble shows the general purpose behind several provisions of the Constitution.
✅ If terms used in articles are ambiguous, some assistance from the preamble could be taken for interpretation.
✅SC held that the Preamble is not a part of the Constitution.

Volcanic eruptions 2022 -2024

✅ Mt.Kilauea- Hawaii - Pacific OCean
✅ Mt.Etna - Sicily, Italy - Mediterranean sea
✅ Mt.Raung - Indonesia - Pacific Ring of Fire
✅ Canary Islands - Atlantic ocean
✅ Fuego Volcano - eruption - Guatemala
✅Sopka-kamchatka peninsula(13km high)
✅Sameru-Java
✅Marapi-Sumatra
✅Krakatoa-sunda strait
✅Sangay-Ecuador(pyroclastic outflows)

🔆 Paika Rebellion

✅ The Paikas of Odisha were the landed militia (‘foot soldiers’ literally) who were involved in performing policing functions for the Gajapati rulers.
✅ The kingdom of Khurda had granted them rent-free land for the military services that they offered to the kingdom.
✅ Paika Rebellion of 1817 is an armed revolt against the British by the Paikas of Khurda in Odisha.
✅ The rebellion took form and shape under the leadership of Baxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhara.
✅ Soon after taking over Odisha from the Marathas in 1803, the British started to introduce a system of administration that angered the King of Khurda, Mukunda Deva II.
✅ Many other activities of the British like the introduction of a new currency system, oppression of the Paikas in the hands of the officials of the company, ban on making salt from seawater gave rise to widespread dissatisfaction and hatred against the British.
✅ The king planned revolt against British in collaboration with the Paikas.
✅ The revolt enjoyed a great level of support from the Kings of Nayagarh, Kujang, Kanika, Village headmen,
peasants and zamindars.
✅ Initially, the Paikas seemed to have gotten hold of the battle and saw some victory, but was suppressed by the British in just three months.
✅ Some Paikas however, fought guerilla warfare against the British yet the revolt was completely suppressed by 1819.
✅ Therefore, it lasted for a year and a half before being ruthlessly suppressed by the British East India Company’s forces.
✅ The result of the Paika Rebellion was disheartening as the rebels involved were awarded sentences of death, long-term imprisonment.
✅ A commission was appointed by the British officials to enquire into the rebellion.
✅There were severe uprisings post this Paika rebellion initiated by people from Kandha & Koi region.
✅ The major issue that prevailed post the Paika rebellion was the revenue policy which didn’t undergo any change.

🔆Rakhigarhi

✅The NCERT recently introduced certain revisions to the history syllabus of Class 12 students, highlighting that Harappans were based out in Rakhigarhi.
✅It is an archaeological site located in Hisar district, Haryana, just 27 km from the Ghaggar river, in the Ghaggar-Hakra river plain.
✅It is one of the oldest and largest cities of the subcontinent’s earliest known Bronze Age urban culture—the Indus Valley or Harappan Civilization, going back to about 6500 BCE.
✅It is one of the five known biggest townships of Harappan civilization on the Indian sub-continent.

📍Findings:

✅The exploration around this site has clearly identified seven archaeological mounds.
✅Rakhigarhi primarily yields evidence of occupation during the Early and Mature Harappan periods, with the site being completely abandoned during the Late Harappan period.
✅The archaeological excavations revealed the mature Harappan phase, represented by a planned township with mud-brick as well as burnt-brick houses with a proper drainage system.
✅The ceramic industry represented by red ware, which included dish-on-stand, vase, jar, bowl, beaker, perforated jar, goblet and handis.

🟡For HAS 2024 Prelims⚪️

Important inscriptions

Junagarh
✅Located at the Girnar hills. First pure Sanskrit inscription, by king Rudraman of Saka dynasty in around 150 CE.
✅It says that Pushyagupta, the governor of Chandragupta Maurya, built a dam on Sudarshan lake.

Mehrauli Inscription/ Garuda pillar
✅Erected by Chandragupta Vikramaditya originally at Vishnupada (Udayagiri),M.P. but was transported to Delhi later.
✅The pillar bears a Sanskrit inscription in Brahmi script

Allahabad Pillar inscription (Prayag Prasasti)
✅Issued by Samudragupta and composed by Harisena.
✅Written in refined Sanskrit In Champu Kavya Style.
✅Mentions the conquest of Samudragupta both in North & South and described the boundaries of Gupta Empire and his diplomatic relations.

Aihole
✅Bagalkot, Karnataka.
✅Inscription discovered in Meguti temple.
✅It is eulogy of Chalukya king Pulakeshin II and mentions his victory over Harshavardhana. 
✅Written in Sanskrit, composed by Ravikirti the court poet of Pulakeshin -II.

Hathigumpha Inscription
✅Udayagiri, near Bhubaneswar, Odisha
✅By Kharavela the ruler of Kalinga during second century BC.
✅Mentions the military expeditions carried by Kharavela and also shows his Jaina belief as the inscription starts with Jain Namokar Mantra.

Vaccines In News :

✅Malaria vaccine: RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S)(Mosquirix) is the world's first malaria vaccine and the first approved vaccine to combat a human parasitic disease. This pediatric vaccine acts against Plasmodium falciparum.The R21 vaccine is the second malaria vaccine recommended by WHO.

✅Ixchiq: First Vaccine to Prevent Disease Caused by Chikungunya Virus.Ixchiq is administered as a single dose, contains a live, weakened version of the chikungunya virus.

✅HPV vaccine: qHPV (quadrivalent Human Papilloma Virus vaccine) “CERVAVAC” is India's first homemade vaccine to prevent cervical cancer, which is the second most common cancer among women in India.

✅Tuberculosis vaccine: Clinical trials of the tuberculosis vaccine Mtbvac has been started on adults in India.This is the first vaccine against Tuberculosis derived from a human source(Mycobacterium Tuberculosis). Only vaccine in use today, BCG (Bacillus Calmette and Guérin), is an attenuated variant of the bovine TB pathogen.

✅Havisure : India's first indigenously developed Hepatitis A vaccine.

Schemes for Immunization:

✅Intensified Mission Indradhanush 5.0 (IMI 5.0): IMI 5.0 campaign aims to enhance immunization coverage for all vaccines provided under the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). Special focus is on improvement of Measles and Rubella vaccination coverage with the aim of Measles & Rubella elimination by 2023.

✅Vaccines under UIP: Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Polio,Hepatitis B, Pneumonia and Meningitis due to Haemophilus Influenzae type b (Hib), Measles, Rubella, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) and Rotavirus diarrhoea. (Rubella, JE and Rotavirus vaccine in select states and districts).

✅Mitochondrial disease :only passed by mother, not father.
✅Mitochondrial replacement therapy (3-parent baby) : removal of mitochondria from egg cell. Can be done before fertilisation (in-vitro) and after fertilisation (pronuclear transfer)

✅Cloning : Nucleus to be cloned, so the process is also called somatic cell nuclear transfer.
(Nucleus of somatic cell to be cloned + donor's egg cell without nucleus + womb)

✅Somatic cell : Any of the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells and they can not produce other cell. e.g, Hair cell, Skin cell etc.

✅DNA barcoding : identification of diff species.
✅DNA fingerprinting : differentiation between the same species.

An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is a “remotely piloted or self-piloted aircraft that can carry cameras, sensors, communications equipment or other payloads like arms/ammunitions, drugs. It can be used by our adversaries across the border and can be a serious threat to internal security.

Cause of concern

They can fly at high altitudes and low speeds making it difficult for border security forces to detect and intercept them.

They can be remotely controlled and flown from a safe distance, reducing the risk to human operatives engaging in infiltration attempts.

Drones can also be used for espionage purposes, allowing unauthorized individuals to gather sensitive information about military installations, critical infrastructure, and other key targets.

Measures taken by Indian government to tackle threats

▪️Technological
Upgradation: Deployment of anti-drone weapons, detection systems like radars, jammers, e.g., anti-drone systems like the SkyWall 100 and the DroneGun Tactical CHIMERA anti-drone system, developed using French technology.

▪️Military Intelligence: The BSF conducts round-the-clock surveillance through patrolling, checkpoints, and observation posts, erected a border fence and installed floodlights.

▪️Institutional: MHA has established Anti Rogue Drone Technology Committee (ARDTC) to evaluate the technology available to counter rogue drones.

▪️Governmental Collaboration: Active collaboration with countries like Israel for high end drones.

▪️DRDO Nishant: Primarily designed for intelligence-gathering over enemy territory, it is also used for reconnaissance, training, surveillance, target designation, artillery fire correction, and damage assessment.

▪️Counter-Unmanned Aircraft Systems (C-UAS) strategy: It includes blocking communication lines and bringing down unwanted drones.

With the emergence of technology comes the threat to internal security. Therefore, a comprehensive drone strategy that includes private participation for developing high end drones is the need of an hour.